AIM: To investigate the expression of VEGF, CD34, Ki-67 and p21 in pterygium as well as the correlation between their expression and clinical pathological characteristics; explore its pathogenesis. METHODS: Immunohistochemical S-P staining method was adopted in detecting the expression of VEGF, CD34, Ki-67 and p21 in 62 cases of pterygia and 20 cases of normal conjunctival tissues. Relationship between these markers and clinical pathological characteristics was analyzed. RESULTS:(1)The positive expression of VEGF, CD34, Ki-67 and p21 in 62 cases of pterygia was 74.2%(46/62), 77.4%(48/62), 66.1%(41/62)and 40.3%(25/62)respectively. The differences were statistically significant compared with normal conjunctival tissues(P<0.05).(2)The expression of VEGF and CD34 in 62 cases of pterygia was correlated with clinical types and stages(P<0.05), and was not associated with sex, age and occupation(P>0.05); the expression of Ki-67 was correlated with clinical stages(P<0.05), and was not associated with other clinical pathological characteristics(P>0.05); the expression of p21 was correlated with clinical stages and pterygium characters(P<0.05), and was not associated with other clinical pathological characteristics(P>0.05).(3)Spearman correlation showed that there was a positive correlation between VEGF and Ki-67(r=0.279, P<0.05), a positive correlation between VEGF and CD34(r=0.299, P<0.05), a negative correlation between VEGF and p21(r=-0.267, P<0.05); it also showed that there was no correlation between any two of CD34, Ki-67 and p21(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:(1)Overexpression of VEGF, Ki-67, CD34 and low expression of p21 suggest that these markers are concerned with the development and progression of pterygium.(2)Expression of VEGF and CD34 increases along with the increase of clinical types and stages, expression of Ki-67 increases along with the increase of clinical stages, and expression of p21 decreases along with the improvement of clinical types or stages; they suggest that these markers may play important roles in the development and recurrence of pterygium.(3)There is positive correlation between VEGF and Ki-67, VEGF and CD34 as well as negative correlation between VEGF and p21. They suggest that there may be synergistic action between two factors during the development and progression of pterygium.

AIM: To explore the clinical therapeutic effect of the integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment of idiopathic panuveitis. METHODS: Totally 47 patients(69 eyes)with the idiopathic panuveitis were included in this study, which were randomly divided into control group and treatment group. Twenty-four cases(33 eyes)with the method of Western medicine-glucocorticoid and mydriatic were in control group, while 23 cases(36 eyes)with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine were in treatment group. Those patients were followed up 12-36mo, the vision before and after treatment, the therapeutic effects, the complications and the side effects of glucocorticoid were recorded. RESULTS: Both of two groups' vision after treatment were improved, but the vision of treatment group was better than the control group. The effective rate and the cure rate of the treatment group were increased significantly. Of all of the complications, the incidence rate of complicated cataract and secondary glaucoma of the treatment group were reduced significantly. Of all of the side effects of glucocorticoid, the central excitation, hypertension and central obesity of the treatment group were reduced significantly(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Dialectical therapy of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine has better therapeutic effect than simple Western medicine treatment of idiopathic panuveitis, and could better reduce the side effect of glucocorticoid long-term use. It is worthy applying in clinical practice.

AIM:To investigate the expression transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)and heat shock protein 47(HSP-47), in pterygium and normal conjunctiva tissues, in order to study the roles of these cytokines played in the pathogenesis in human pterygium. METHODS:The expression difference of TGF-β1, HSP-47 between human pterygium and normal conjunctive tissues were compared by immuno-histochemistry technique. RESULTS:The positive expression of TGF-β1, HSP-47 was stronger than in normal conjunctive tissues(P<0.05), the TGF-β1 expressed in all layers of pterygium, especially in the squamous epithelium, in the inflammation cells and vascular endothelial cells also expressed. The HSP-47 showed higher expressed in the lamina propria layer of pterygium, and weakly expressed in epithelial layer, no obvious expression in normal conjunctive tissues.CONCLUSION:Over-expression of TGF-β1 and HSP-47 in pterygium compared to the normal conjunctiva tissues may play a critical role during the occurrence, development and invasion of the pterygium.

AIM: To compare intraocular pressure(IOP)values obtained from two different puff modes of Canon TX-F non-contact tonometer(NCT)and Goldmann applanation tonometer(GAT)in patients with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG). METHODS: The study group comprised 55 right eyes of 55 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of POAG, which were under treatment. All patients underwent detailed ophthalmological examinations, optical coherence tomography imaging and automated perimetry. Intraocular pressure measurements were performed using 1-puff mode of NCT(NCT1), 3-puffs mode of NCT(NCT3)and GAT with 5 minutes intervals in order. RESULTS: Fifty-five eyes of 55 patients with POAG(mean age of 64.1±8.1 years)were enrolled into the study. NCT1 and NCT3 gave similar IOP values when compared with GAT measurements(14.22±3.42, 14.28±3.29, 14.66±3.49mmHg respectively, P=0.291). Intertonometer agreement was assessed using the Bland-Altman method. The 95% limits of agreement(LoA)for NCT1-GAT, NCT3-GAT and NCT1-NCT3 comparisons were -4.9 to +4.4mmHg, -4.1 to +3.4mmHg, and -3.4 to +3.3mmHg respectively.CONCLUSION: Although IOP measurements obtained from two puff modes of NCT and GAT showed similar values, wide range of LoA might restrict use of NCT1, NCT3 and GAT interchangeably in POAG patients.

AIM:To explore the suitable conditions in rapid model of corneal neovascularization(CNV)after thermal burn under different constant temperature in rabbit. METHODS: Total 45 New Zealand white rabbits were divided randomly into five groups(A, B, C, D, E). A groups: 100℃(n=10), B groups: 200℃(n=10), C groups: 300℃(n=10), D groups: 400℃(n=10), and E groups: control group(n=5). All left eyes of rabbits in A,B,C,D groups were induced corneal neovascularization by constant temperature burning device. The growth of CNV was observed by slit lamp microscope and the area of CNV were recorded on 4 th, 7 th, 14th, 30th days postoperatively. SPSS 19.0 statistical package was used for data analysis, and the data was recorded by mean±standard deviation. Comparison by analysis of variance was made by repeated measures in the area of neovascularization at each time point in groups. Statistical tests were considered significantly when P values were less than 0.05. RESULTS: On postoperative 4th, 7th, 14th, 30th days: no neovascularization was found after corneal thermal burn in A group, but only a few nebula left(n=2); the area of CNV were(9.16±1.45)mm2,(37.73±5.49)mm2,(62.44±7.54)mm2,(40.28±7.39)mm2 in B group respectively; and(11.45±1.04)mm2,(44.51±4.64)mm2,(66.13±4.13)mm2,(43.04±2.33)mm2 in C group respectively; and(13.23±0.86)mm2,(47.26±4.59)mm2,(67.57±4.56)mm2,(45.59±4.44)mm2 in D group respectively, and part corneal carbide(n=4)was observed as well as corneal perforation(n=6)were found on 3d in D group. No neovascularization was found in normal control group. Comparison of the areas of CNV at each time point between groups was statistically different, P<0.05. Statistical differences were found among B, C, D groups, P<0.05. COCLUSION: In 4 to 7d, the higher the temperature is, the more the neovascularization area of CNV are. It has no significant difference in 14 to 30d. But corneal carbide and corneal perforation are often found in 400℃ group, so its modeling failure rate is high. It is between 200℃ and 300℃ that repeatability and uniformity of the corneal neovascularization model of rabbit are superior.

Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of blindness all over the world, and it is one of the most serious and common microvascular complications of diabetes. Breakdown of the endothelial blood-retinal barrier(BRB), as occurs in diabetic retinopathy, result in vasogenic edema and neural tissue damage, causing loss of vision. The inner BRB is created by complex tight juctions of retinal capillary endothelial cells, this barrier prevents the free diffusion of substances between the circulating blood and the neural retinal, the inner BRB efficiently supplies nutrients to the retinal and removes endobiotics and xenobiotics from the retina to maintain a constant milieu in the neural retina. The central mechanism of altered inner BRB function is a change in the permeability characteristics of retinal endothelial cells caused by elevated levels of cytokines, growth factors, advanced glycation end products, inflammation, hyperglycema and loss of pericytes. This article reviews the relationship between diabetes and the ultrastructure changes of BRB.

AIM: To compare the differences of tilt and decentration of two aspheric posterior chamber intraocular lens(PC-IOL)implantation by ultrasonic biomicroscope(UBM). METHODS:Thirty-seven patients(45 eyes)underwent cataract surgery were distributed to two groups randomly. Group A was implanted with Akreos AO(Bausch & Lomb; four-haptic)while group B implanted with ZCB00(Abbott Medical Optics, Inc. AMO; two-haptic). All eyes underwent standard phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation. Diameter of capsulotomy was recorded. One month postoperatively, vision, best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)assessment, slit lamp examination, and anterior chamber depth(ACD)measured by UBM were performed. Tilt and decentration were measured horizontally and vertically, and total tilt and decentration were calculated by geometry method.RESULTS:No statistical difference was found in BCVA and diameter of capsulotomy between two groups(P>0.05). The mean ACD of group A and group B were 3.86mm±0.31mm and 4.14mm±0.31mm respectively, which showed it had statistically significant difference(P<0.05). Horizontal decentration, vertical decentration and total decentration of group A were 0.15mm±0.09mm, 0.15mm±0.12mm and 0.22mm±0.12mm respectively, while it were 0.22mm±0.21mm, 0.14mm±0.15mm, 0.29mm±0.22mm for group B. Horizontal tilt, vertical tilt and total tilt of group A were 0.63°±0.62°, 0.89°±0.85°and 1.22°±0.76°, while it were 1.36°±1.48°, 1.46°±1.62° and 2.21°±1.97° for group B. No statistically significance was found in tilt and decentration between group A and group B, no matter horizontally or vertically or totally(P>0.05). CONCLUSION:Two-haptic IOL shows no difference in tilt and decentration with four-haptic IOL postoperatively.

AIM:To study the correlation between and the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness,structure changes in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)and the the changes of visual function METHODS:Eighty cases(80 eyes)of patients with NPDR who were in our hospital from January 2011 to December 2013 as group NPDR, 60 cases of patients(60 eyes)without retinopathy who were in the hospital were selected as non-diabetic retinopathy group(NRD)group, meanwhile, 50 healthy people who had health examination in our hospital as control group. The RNFL thickness and visual electrophysiological testing were performed on the study objects in the three groups, and the results were compared among groups.RESULTS: Group NPDR's above, below, nasal, temporal and average RNFL thickness were 91.52±18.52, 88.63±21.65, 63.62±11.72, 60.42±9.13, 69.36±12.52μm,those of group NPDR were 111.32±21.90, 113.57±22.67, 74.31±11.74, 67.64±12.34, and 97.31±11.43μm,those of group control were 121.65±21.42, 129.32±23.31, 82.42±9.28, 80.32±8.51, 102.54±21.82μm. To compare of average thickness of RNFL of three groups, groups NPDR and NPD were thinner than that of control group; To compare each quadrant phase, above, below, nasal, the RNFL thickness among three groups had statistical significance(P<0.05), while nasal sides had no obviously changes(P>0.05); At the same time, 60'P100 latency(MS), 60'P100 amplitude(V), 15'P100 latency(MS)and 15'P100 amplitude(V)of three groups had statistical significance(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The changes of RNFL thickness have occurred in the early time of NPDR, and mainly the above, below and temporal, and it has a significant relevance with the changes of visual function.

Optic neuritis is one of the most important neuro-ophthalmologic diseases which cause vision loss in young adults. There are obvious differences in the prevalence of optic neuritis in different countries and regions. Through the review of the related literature at home and abroad in recent years, this article summarizes the etiology and epidemiological characteristics of optic neuritis. It is expected to provide reference and comparison for the epidemiological investigation of cross regional, multi-center cooperation.

AIM: To investigate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy(PDT)and intravitreal injection with ranibizumab on macular choroidal neovascularization(CNV)of pathologic myopia(PM). METHODS: There were patients(32 eyes)who were diagnosed as PM with CNV. Randomly selected 16 cases(16 eyes)which were given the PDT treatment(PDT group). The remaining were given both PDT and intravitreal injection with ranibizumab(combination group). There is no significant difference on macular edema between two groups. We analyzed the changes in the best corrected visual activity(BCVA), optic coherence tomograph(OCT)and fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)before and 1, 6mo after treatment. RESULTS: One month after the treatment in PDT group: the BCVA increased while the CMT decreased compared with that of pretreatment(P<0.05). One month after the treatment in combination group: the BCVA increased while the CMT decreased significantly compared with that of pretreatment(P<0.01); the changes of BCVA and CMT showed statistically significant between the two groups(P<0.05). Six month after the treatment in PDT group: the BCVA increased while the CMT decreased compared with that of pretreatment(P<0.05). Six month after the treatment in combination group: the BCVA increased while the CMT decreased significantly compared with that of pretreatment(P<0.01); compared with changes of BCVA and CMT in two groups, the difference was significant after treatment(P<0.05). Compared 1mo with 6mo after treatment: there was no significant difference in the BCVA and CMT changes(P<0.05). One month after treatment: in PDT group, FFA showed no leakage or reduced leakage of CNV in 11 eyes(69%), and the fundus remained leaky in 5 eyes(31%); in combination group, FFA showed no leakage or reduced leakage of CNV in 13 eyes(81%); the fundus remained leaky in 3 eyes(19%). Six month after treatment: in PDT group, FFA showed no leakage or reduced leakage in 10 eyes(62.5%); the fundus remained leaky in 4 eyes(25%); two eyes(12.5%)relapsed leakage; in combination group, FFA showed no leakage or reduced leakage of CNV in 15 eyes(94%); the fundus remained leaky in 1 eye(6%). CONCLUSION: Not only PDT but also PDT and intravitreal injection with ranibizumab can block CNV of pathologic myopia completely or partly, and reduce the danger causing descent of vision. Effects and the stability of the combination therapy is superior to PDT treatment.

AIM: To study an approach to visual acuity correction after intracapsular cataract extraction by phase-II intraocular lens implantation through the individualized arcuate keratotomy. METHODS: For demonstration, 48 postoperative patients(50 eyes)receiving the intracapsular cataract extraction were gathered up. Each patient received a scleral tunnel major incision along the radial line of the maximum corneal refractive power determined by a cornea curvimeter, and a arcuate keratotomy was made opposite to the major one; through the major incision an iris-claw intraocular lens is implanted. Each patient was measured for their corneal astigmatism and uncorrected visual acuity before and after the surgery.RESULTS: The results suggested the average corneal astigmatism before the surgery and that 3d, 1, 3, 6 and 12mo after the surgery as +3.18±0.68, -1.56±0.73, +0.87±0.51, +1.21±0.70, +1.33±0.68 and +1.48±0.48 respectively. The uncorrected visual acuities 3d, 1, 3, 6 and 12mo after the surgery are 0.5±0.38, 0.56±0.23, 0.55±0.24, 0.52±0.28 and 0.51±0.25 respectively. CONCLUSION: Phase-II intraocular lens implantation witharcuate keratotomy is helpful to improve the postoperative visual acuity and reduce preoperative corneal astigmatism after the intracapsular cataract extraction aphakic eyes, It is also a low-cost surgery, and easy to perform, with minor surgical injuries, particularly available for surgical visual acuity correction of the aphakic eye receiving intracapsular cataract extraction.

AIM: To observe the relationship between axial length and complications of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens(IOL)implantation in high axial myopia eyes and normal axis eyes. METHODS: A retrospective review of 843 consecutive patients(1 042 eyes)of cataract extraction with phacoemulsification and IOL implantation in our hospital from February 2012 to February 2013 was performed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the axial length: 853 eyes were in normal axis group(21-24mm)and 189 eyes were in high axial myopia group(≥26mm). The two groups were compared regarding surgical complications, such as vitreous loss, posterior capsular rupture, nucleolus drop, and abnormal location of IOL. RESULTS: Age was a risk factor in both groups. There was positive correlation between age and surgical complications, and between axial length and surgical complications, especially for complications with posterior capsular rupture and vitreous loss. CONCLUSION: As the results illustrate, in this survey, age and high axial lengthare statistically significant risk factors for incidence of complications of phacoemulsification. Anticipation of these complications and also preparation and prophylactic measures may decrease incidence of these complications.

AIM:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab combined with macular grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema(DME).METHODS:Totally 60 eyes(60 patients)with DME were randomly divided into 2 groups: 30 eyes of simple injection group underwent intravitreal injection of ranibizumab, and 30 eyes of combined treatment group underwent intravitreal injection of ranibizumab and macular grid photocoagulation 1wk later. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), central macular thickness(CMT)measured by optical coherence tomography(OCT)and postoperative complications were observed.RESULTS:In simple injection group, the BCVA after operation were separately 0.390±0.075(4wk), 0.367±0.088(8wk)and 0.319±0.064(12wk),the CMT after operation were separately 221.63±112.34μm(4wk), 337.73±99.56μm(8wk)and 432.92±100.46μm(12wk), which were much better than pre-operation. But during follow-up, the BCVA presented down trend and the CMT was on the rise slowly. In combined treatment group, the BCVA after operation were separately 0.385±0.036(4wk), 0.382±0.079(8wk)and 0.377±0.097(12wk),the CMT after operation were separately 249.77±106.55μm(4wk), 270.40±92.88μm(8wk)and 275.84±97.34μm(12wk), which were satisfactory and steady during follow-up, better than simple injection group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab can effectively improve visual acuity and decrease central foveal thickness for patients with DME, combining with macular grid photocoagulation can ensure therapeutic effects steady and permanent.

AIM: To observe clinical effect of vitrectomy with intravitreal ranibizumab for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy(DR).METHODS: From February 2011 to February 2013, there were 90 cases in our hospital diabetic retinopathy patients withvitrectomy surgery. It was randomly divided into observation group(45 cases)and control group(45 cases). Two groups of patients were performed vitrectomy. Patients in observation group were injected intravitreal ranibizumab before surgery, then vitrectomy was underwent for diabetic retinopathy. Vitrectomy was only underwent in control group.RESULTS: The patients in observation group with good effect accounting for 71%(32/45)and good rate was 89%(40/45), which were significantly higher than that in control group 51%(23/45), 71%(32/45). Differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Amount of bleeding was 9.64±2.27mL, intraocular pressure was 13.64±3.27mmHg. It was significantly less than that in control group 10.21±3.14mL, 16.00±3.14mmHg. Differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The vitrectomy with intravitreal ranibizumab treatment of diabetic retinopathy can not only reduce blood loss, but also reduce edema and improve effectiveness and safety. It's worth recommending for clinical practice.

AIM:To observe the effects of double incision combined surgery of single-stab trabeculectomy and phacoemulsification.METHODS: Totally 28 cases(30 eyes)with glaucoma and cataract undertook the modified combined surgery of single-stab trabeculectomy and phacoemulsification. After traditional phacoemulsification, cut the bulbar conjunctiva and Tenons capsule from the 11 o'clock to 1 o'clock, then puncture into the anterior chamber in 2mm behind the corneal limbus with 3mm tunnel knife, shaping a 3mm wide, 1/3-1/4 thickness scleral tunnel. Getting into the trabecular tunnel, bite off 3 pieces of trabecular tissue about 1mm×1mm size. The changes in the imtraocular pressure(IOP)and the visual acuity before and after the surgery as well as filtering bleb(OCT confirmed)and complications were carefully observed in 3-6mo postoperatively.RESULTS: The postoperative visual acuity in 1wk postoperatively less than 0.1 was found in 3 eyes, from 0.1 to 0.3 was found in 6 eyes,from 0.3 to 0.6 in 13 eyes,from 0.6 to 0.8 in 8 eyes.One eye had malignant glaucoma, and 8 eyes had cornea edema and slightly fibrin exudation in the pupil area; In all cases maintained function conjunctival blebs of filtering, OCT confirmed this.IOP remained normal in 28 eyes in 3-6mo follow up, IOP of 2 other eyes could be controlled by anti-glaucoma eye drops.CONCLUSION:Double incision combined surgery of single-stab trabeculectomy and phacoemulsification is effective and safe,reduces the postoperative complications and is worthy of promotion.

AIM: To compare the efficacy and complication of extra-trabeculotomy in combination with trabeculectomy and trabeculectomy and compound trabeculectomy in the treatment of primary infantile glaucoma. METHODS: Patients with primary infantile glaucoma undergone one of the three procedures from Jan 2006 to Jan 2014 were selected. Among them, group A(20 patients, 31 eyes)underwent extra-trabeculotomy in combination with trabeculectomy, group B(20 patients, 32 eyes)underwent trabeculectomy, while group C(20 patients, 30 eyes)underwent compound trabeculectomy RESULTS: The success rates in group A were 96.8% at the time of discharge and 90.3% during follow-up(mean 24mo); the rates in group B were 96.9% and 81.2%(mean 24mo)the rates in group C were 83.3% and 76.7%(mean 24mo)respectively, the differences being significant(P <0.05). In group A and group B, there was no severe complications, while in group C, one case had vitreous prolapse.CONCLUSION: Extra-trabeculotomy in combination with trabeculectomy is more efficacious and safer than trabeculectomy and compound trabeculectomy in the treatment of primary infantile glaucoma. It should be the first choice for primary infantile glaucoma.

AIM: To evaluate the value of color Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of traumatic retinal detachment. METHODS:All 50 cases(56 eyes)of suspicious traumatic retinal detachment from January to June in 2013 were enrolled in this study. All first received the two-dimensional ultrasound, then the color Doppler ultrasound, finally, these results were compared with the results of surgery. RESULTS:All 56 eyes were observed intravitreal abnormal spots by the two-dimensional ultrasound, and 39 eyes were observed color blood signal by the color Doppler ultrasound. Forty eyes were approved retinal detachment by surgery. CONCLUSION: It is better to display the intravitreal abnormal spots and color blood signal by the color Doppler ultrasound than by the two-dimensional ultrasound, so there is important clinical significance of the color Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of traumatic retinal detachment.

AIM: To observe the clinical effect of micro-incision phacoemulsification combined with silicone oil removal from pars plana in eyes with silicone oil tamponade after vitrectomy.METHODS: Forty-three patients(43 eyes)with cataract and silicone oiltamponade after vitrectomy underwent micro-coaxial phacoemulsification combined with silicone oil removal from pars plana between February 2013 and November 2013. Intraocular lens was implanted at stage I in all cases. The best corrected visual acuity was observed at 3mo after operation, and the complications were recorded.RESULTS: The best corrected visual acuity in 39 cases(91%)was improved at 3mo after operation, and the best outcome was 0.6. There were still 4 cases(9%)without improvement of visual acuity. There was no incidence of complications such as posterior capsular rupture, residual silicone oil, corneal endothelial decompensation, hyphema, vitreous hemorrhage, intraocular lens dislocation, secondary glaucoma and ora serrata mutilation after operation in all patients.CONCLUSION:Micro-invision phacoemulsification combined with silicone oil removal from pars plana is an effective and safe method for eyes with cataract and silicone oil tamponade after vitrectomy.

AIM: To evaluate the function of the microprobe dredging technology in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)and to provide fast, efficient, economical and practical method of treatment for meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD). METHODS:The 100μm diameter stainless steel wire was made as the microprobe with the total length of 3cm, which the needle was about 5mm and hand shank was about 2.5cm. Selected 140 cases with dry eyes of meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD), patients were divided into two groups and made them have comparability. Observation group(n=70)used microprobe to dredge meibomian gland pipe accompanied with drugs, hot compress and meibomian gland massage treatment. The control group(n=70)was given conventional drugs, hot compress and meibomian massage treatment. To compare the tear break-up time(BUT), efficient rate and the cure rate of the two groups after treatment of 1d, 1wk, 2wk, 1 mo, 2mo and 3mo.RESULTS: BUT were significantly prolonged in observation group and control group after treatment, and the observation group improved more obviously; the efficient rate and cure rate of the observation group were significantly higher than that of the control group after 1d, 1wk, 2wk, 1mo, 2mo and 3mo treatment. CONCLUSION:Using microprobe to unclog the meibomian gland tube can provide the fast and efficient, economical and practical treatment for meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD), which can be promoted in the clinical practice.

AIM: To find better ways of treating ocular alkali burn, and to reduce the suffering of patients and social burden.METHODS:Totally 100 patients were graded according to the degree of chemical burns to four major groups, each half were randomly divided into the control group and the treatment group. Control group underwent conventional treatment. In addition to conventional therapy, patients in each treatment group were also added a Breviscapine intravenous injection of 40mg daily. Corneal recovery time, changes in vision, degree of corneal opacity, number of corneal neovascularization and other complications were observed. Curative effects were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in level Ⅰ group between control group and treatment group(P>0.05); There were significantly different in level Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ group(P<0.05). Compared to the degree of corneal opacity and the number of corneal neovascularization, the treatment group was obviously better than the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Breviscapine in the treatment of ocular alkali burns can shorten the course of treatment, reduce corneal scarring, and improve vision.

AIM: To measure ocular biometric values with the degree of axial myopia and determine the relationship between the differences using the Lenstar 900. METHODS:Totally 413 myopes(826 eyes)were enrolled in this study and were divided into 3 groups: low myopia(myopia <3.00 diopters, 104 eyes), moderate myopia(myopia =3.00-6.00 diopters, 500 eyes)and high myopia(myopia >6.00 diopters, 222 eyes). Central corneal thickness(CCT), aqueous depth(AD), lens thickness(LT), axial length(AL)were measured by Lenstar 900. The parameters were tested using analysis of variance and the relations among SE, AL, LT were analyzed. RESULTS: There were significant difference both in AL(F=206.16, P<0.01)and AD(F=4.764, P<0.05)and no significant difference both in CCT and LT between these myopia groups. With analysis of Person, the Spherical equivalent(SE)shows a significantly positive correlation with AL(r=0.662, P<0.01)and AD(r=0.095, P<0.05), no correlation with CCT and LT. AL shows a significantly positive correlation with AD(r=0.347, P<0.01)and CCT(r=0.126, P<0.01), negative correlation with LT(r=-0.265, P<0.01). LT shows a significantly negative correlation with AD(r=-0.496, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Along with the diopters increasing in myopia, the axial length and aqueous depth continue to increase. Spherical equivalent(SE)shows a significantly positive correlation with AD. AL shows positive correlation with SE, AD and CCT and negative correlation with LT. LT shows a significantly negative correlation with AD.

AIM: To investigate the opportunity of the concomitant strabismus operation and the function in the treatment of strabismic amblyopia through analyzing the changes of binocular summation of pattern visual evoked potential(P-VEP)before and after the surgery of concomitant strabismus. METHODS: In this retrospective study we investigated 67 cases admitted in our hospital. All patients were less than 18a and the postoperation squint angle was less than ±10△. Patients were divided into three groups according to the strabismus type, age, and amblyopia degree. P-VEP binocular summation response was recorded in all cases, to observe the changes of the binocular summation response of P-VEP before strabismus surgery and 1mo, 3mo after surgery. The P-VEP response of binocular /monocular(B/M)ratio was taken as an evaluation index. RESULTS: B/M value of three groups all improved obviously 1mo after surgery, which the difference showed statistical significant(P<0.01). 1)After 3mo surgery, B/M value in esotropia group was higher than that in exotropia group(P<0.05). 2)After 3mo surgery, B/M value in ≤6a group was higher than that in >12a group(P<0.05). 3)After 1mo surgery, B/M value in severe amblyopia group was higher than that in mild group(P<0.05). After 3mo surgery, B/M value in severe amblyopia group was higher than that in mild group significantly(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Concomitant strabismus surgery is suggested to be performed before 6 years old when the patients are difficult to improve the vision after amblyopia treatment, especially with the severe amblyopia and esotropia(accommodative esotropia must be excluded). The early operation is better to amblyopia treatment and binocular vision recovery.

AIM:To investigate the prevalence and related high risk factors of retinal vessels disease of native Tibetan among the aged 40 and above in Maqin county, Qinghai province, China.METHODS:The cluster sampling method was used to investigate the visual acuity and retinal vessel diseases of the native Tibetan among the aged 40 and above in Maqin county.RESULTS:Totally 2 511 individuals were underwent the survey, among them, 29 cases(37 eyes)were of retinal vessel diseases, the prevalence was 1.15%, 21 cases(23 eyes)were retinal vein obstruction(0.84%), 5 cases(10 eyes)were diabetic retinopathy(0.20%), 3 cases(4 eyes)were retinal vasculitis(0.12%). The blindness and low vision of retinal vessels disease were 23 eyes(0.92%).CONCLUSION:All the hypertension, hyperglycemia, erythrocytosis, high altitude and weight are the high risk factors of retinal vessel diseases which are the main eyes fundus disease could grow blind.

AIM: To determine the group distribution characteristics of lachrymal duct obstruction diseases in major Li Miao minority areas of Hainan province. METHODS: Totally 5 353 residents were selected and researched by randomized cluster sampling in the major Li Miao minority areas of Hainan province. Ocular examination and lachrymal duct flushing were carried out, and questionnaire survey on lachrymal duct obstruction was conducted. The ratio of lachrymal duct obstruction diseases and group distribution characteristics were analyzed based on above research. RESULTS: The prevalence ratios of lachrymal duct obstruction was 4.47% in major Li Miao minority areas of Hainan province, with 2.62% in urban area, and 5.93% in rural area respectively. Prevalence ratios of men and women group were 1.69% and 6.39% correspondingly. Difference between the two groups was statistically significant(χ2=67.2821, P=0.0000). The highest prevalence ratio was 40-69 year-old group, second one was 70-79 year-old group, especially for women in these groups. The prevalence ratios of Ledong, Lingshui, Baisha and Changjiang county were higher than those of Baoting, Qiongzhong county and Wuzhishan city. No significant difference was found between both eyes. CONCLUSION: In major Li Miao minority areas of Hainan province, lachrymal duct obstruction mainly occurs in 40-79 year-old patients, with specially higher ratio of women. Statistically, significant difference of the prevalence ratio between urban and rural areas exists. The higher prevalence ratio is attributed to age, gender, geographical location, climate condition, health environment and so on. The prevalence ratio is higher in the dry and windy areas than in the humid and less windy areas.

AIM:To investigate the myopia risk factors of different nationalities students in primary and secondary schools in Karamay City. METHODS: This survey was a cross-sectional design, the sample was selected in the first, third and sixth grade primary school and middle school students by stratified random cluster method. The survey team comprised of ophthalmologists, technicians, optometrists and administrative staff. The staff was trained about the design, method and quality control, etc. According to the research needs, questionnaires were designed. In person interview, pilot study, questionnaire,intraocular pressure,corneal curvature,refraction,axial length,corneal thickness, slit lamp microscopy and fundus examination were performed. A database was established using the Epi-data software by double entry method. All statistical analysis was completed by SPSS 17.0 software. RESULTS:The survey covers 1 922 students in total, which account for 91.4% students of the whole four grades. The total prevalence of myopia was 39.2%. Multivariate analyses revealed that ethnic origin, age, gender, parents of short-sightedness, daily after-school reading and writing time and bad reading and writing habits were closely related to myopia(OR=0.149, 95%CI: 0.103-0.216, P=0.000; OR=1.372, 95%CI: 1.296-1.453, P=0.000; OR=1.517, 95%CI: 1.200-1.918, P=0.000; OR=0.695, 95%CI: 0.602-0.804, P=0.000; OR=1.310, 95%CI:1.086-1.581, P=0.005; OR=0.655, 95%CI:0.486-0.882, P=0.005). CONCLUSION: Ethnic origin, age, gender, parents of short-sightedness, daily after-school reading and writing time and reading and writing habits were independent risk factors for myopia.

AIM:To evaluate the clinical application of the domestic rebound tonometer(RBT)in measuring intraocular pressure(IOP)in healthy children.METHODS: IOP measurement was measured in bilateral eyes of 108 cases with domestic RBT. Then the IOP for the left eyes of the children older than 13 years was obtained with Goldmann applanation tonometry(GAT).RESULTS: Of the 108 children, 100(92.6%)had IOP measurement both eyes successfully. Of the 100 children, 24 were older than 13 years. The mean IOP values for the left eyes of the 24 children of RBT and GAT were(16.0±3.0)mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg)and(15.7±2.8)mmHg, respectively. There was no significant difference between the IOP of the two tonometers(P>0.05). The IOP of RBT had a good liner relationship with that of GAT(r=0.849, P<0.05). The IOP values were normally distributed for the both eyes. Mean IOP values were(16.0±2.8)mmHg and(16.2±2.6)mmHg for the left eyes and right eyes, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in mean IOP readings between them, which had a good liner relationship(r=0.863, P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Domestic RBT is a good instrument in detecting IOP in children and it seems to be very comfortable and easy when performing IOP measurement in children without an anesthetic.

AIM: To observe the postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP)and operation safety in the eyes of the neovascular glaucoma pateints treated by intraocular cyclophotocoagulation which needed vitrectomy at the same time. METHODS: A total of 12 neovascular glaucoma cases(14 eyes)secondary to diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment surgery and trauma were reviewed in our study. This procedure mainly used intraocular photocoagulation catheter to highlight the ciliary processes until the ciliary became white atrophy or plosion after vitreous surgery treatment. The intraocular photocoagulation catheter was performed at a power of 300-500mW, for a duration of 0.1-0.2ms. Postoperative follow-up was at least for 6mo. The observation of 14 postoperative neovascular glaucoma was performed at 1wk, 1, 6mo observing the IOP and complications. RESULTS: IOP of the 11 eyes was significantly declined and controlled in normal. After cyclophotocoagulation, average IOP at 1wk was 16.7±14.4mmHg, 15.7±8.8mmHg at 1mo and 12.9±4.5mmHg at 6mo, which compared with untreatment(39.6 ±10.0mmHg)was statistically significant different(P<0.01). In follow up time 3 cases were relapsed which were supplied with transscleral or endoscope cyclophotocoagulation. During the follow-up period no endophthalmitis and complications such as eyeball atrophy were found. CONCLUSION: The intraocular cyclophotocoagulation and vitrectomy simultaneously can deal with the primary disease and secondary neovascular glaucoma. The operation can be accurately performed under direct cyclophotocoagulation and it is a safe and effective way for neovascular glaucoma which needs vitreous surgery.

AIM:To investigate the effect of teaching mode of problem-based learning(PBL)in the teaching of medical students' clinical ophthalmology.METHODS: Five classes(total 148 students)were randomly selected as experimental group, using PBL method, at the same time another 5 classes(total 151 students)were also randomly selected as control group, using lecture-based learning(LBL)mode in 2010 grade. The scores of the experimental group were compared with control at the end of term. In addition, students and teachers were respectively interviewed using self-administered questionnaire to obtain their evaluation for PBL practice.RESULTS: The mean scores of PBL group(78.35±7.63)were significantly higher than control group(71.68±6.37)(P<0.001). Most of students thought that their ability of referring, synthesizing and analyzing information was enhanced by PBL, and their skills both in written and oral were also improved. PBL made it easier to understand the contexts of course. It was the best way to improve the effect of teaching in ophthalmology based on the increase of quality in novitiate that gives more chance to students of contacting with practice, developing the ability of clinical thinking and verifying the theory in clinical novitiate. Lots of teachers considered that the classroom atmosphere was more active, students were becoming more and more proactive on their classes and the relationship between students and teachers were more harmonious when PBL was used.CONCLUSION:Using PBL teaching mode can highly improve the teaching effectiveness of clinical epidemiology, which is worth popularizing.

With the diversified development in training clinical students, an impeccable system in clinical on-job postgraduates training has been established. It has been being an important problem for colleges and tutors to improve the quality in the postgraduates training program in the specialty of ophthalmology. This paper analyzed the problems in the training of clinical postgraduates and explored the ways to resolve the problems.

AIM: To investigate the association between the degree of anterioruveitis and related factors including inflammatory markers as well as sacroiliac joint imaging in patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS). METHODS: Anterior changes evaluated by slit lamp, erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR), C-reactive protein(CRP)and magnetic resonance imaging of 55 cases with AS associateduveitis were retrospectively analyzed. A modified endotoxin-induced uveitis(EIU)clinical standard was used for uveitis grading. SPARCC sacroiliac scoring was used to evaluate bone edema of sacroiliac joint. The correlation between the degree of uveitis and sacroiliitis was assessed.RESULTS: In the 55 patients with AS, EIU grading scored 2-10, and SPARCC index scored 0-22. Further analysis showed that the severity of uveitis was significantly correlated with ESR(r=0.869, P<0.001)and CRP(r=0.485, P<0.001). The degree of anterior uveitis in AS patients was not correlated with inflammation of sacroiliac joint(r=0.237, P=0.081).CONCLUSION: Local autoimmunity of uveitis and sacroiliac joint inflammation with subsequent bone formation in AS might be mutually independent processes.

AIM: To evaluate the clinical effect of 200g/L protein-free calf blood extract eye gel for corneal epithelial defect. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-eight cases of corneal epithelial defect(58 cases with herpes simplex keratitis; 24 cases with chemical injury; 85 cases with pterygium operation injury)were randomly divided into two groups: 84 eyes were treated with protein-free calf blood extract eye gel; 84 cases were treated with basic fibroblast growth factor eye gel(bFGF). The bFGF and protein-free calf blood extract eye gels were used 4 times a day. The treatment course was 7d. Epithelial defect restoration, local symptom and sign were observed. RESULTS: The difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment was significant(P<0.01)in the two groups. The effect of protein-free calf blood extract eye gel(83.3%)group was prior to that of bFGF(69%)for corneal epithelial defect. The effective rate of protein-free calf blood extract eye gel in the herpes simplex keratitis, chemical injury and pterygium operation injury was 72.4%,69.2% and 95.2%. Localized stimulus and adverse reaction of all over the body were not been observed. CONCLUSION: Protein-free calf blood extract eye gels is valuable and safe for corneal epithelial defect.

AIM: To compare the clinical effects of two different surgical ways on congenital cataract. METHODS: We selected 52 children(84 eyes)with congenital cataract surgery between December 2009 and December 2012 in our hospital. They were divided into two groups based on the surgical way: A group were treated by phacoemulsification+posterior curvilinear capsulorhexis, B group were treated by phacoemulsification+posterior curvilinear capsulorhexis+anterior vitrectomy. The follow-up was 6-12mo, and postoperative corrected visual acuity and complications were observed.RESULTS: Postoperative visual acuity of two groups were increased(P<0.05). Preoperative visual acuity between two groups had no significant difference(P>0.05), while postoperative visual acuity between two groups had significant difference(P<0.05), group B was better than group A. Complications had no significant difference between two groups except posterior capsule opacification(PCO)(P<0.05). The incidence rate of PCO in group B(12%)was far lower than group A(53%). CONCLUSION: Compare with phacoemulsification + posterior curvilinear capsulorhexis, the way combined with anterior vitrectomy can improve the postoperative visual acuity and decrease the incidence rate of PCO.

AIM: To evaluate the clinical effect of implantation of phakic anterior chamber iris clip intraocular lens in high myopia patients.METHODS: Fifty eyes of 28 high myopia patients with anterior chamber phakic Verisyse iris clip intraocular lens implantation were observed. The visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, corneal and anterior chamber inflammation changes were observed after the procedure.RESULTS: Fifty eyes of 28 high myopia patients were successfully accepted implantation of phakic anterior chamber iris clip intraocular lens. Visual acuity of all the patients was increased after operation. And one year later, visual acuity of 38 eyes(76%)≥1.0, 12 eyes(24%)≥0.5, best corrected visual acuity of 40 eyes(80%)≥1.0, 10 eyes(20%)≥0.5. In 22 eyes, the postoperative best corrected visual acuity were reached and exceeded preoperative best corrected visual acuity.CONCLUSION: Implantation of iris clip intraocular lens in high myopia patients with anterior chamber lens was feasibility and effective.

AIM: To observe retinal hemodynamic influence of compound xueshuantong capsule on nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)after laser photocoagulation. METHODS: A total of 41 patients(72 eyes)with NPDR after laser photocoagulation were enrolled in this study. They were all given compound xueshuantong capsule, and used color Doppler flow imaging for detection of retinal hemodynamics. RESULTS: After treatment, patients with retinal blood perfusion significantly improved; central retinal arterial peak systolic velocity(PSV), end-diastolic velocity(EDV)and medial velocity(Vm)were increased, while the resistance index(RI)decreased. The difference have statistical significance(P<0.05). The visual acuity of 61 eyes improved, efficiency was 85%. Visual acuity was related with PSV, Vm and RI. CONCLUSION: Compound xueshuantong capsule can improve retinal blood perfusion for nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy after laser photocoagulation, which is related to improvement of visual prognosis.

AIM: To study the therapeutic effect of external-route microsurgery forrhegmatogenous retinal detachment.METHODS: In 55 patients(55 eyes)with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, drainage of subretinal fluid, examination of locating the holes, sclera cryotherapy, scleral buckling, and vitreous cavity injection of filtrated air were performed under surgical microscope.RESULTS: The retinal reattachment occurred in 50 cases after the primary surgery. The final rate of reattachment was 91% during 6-12mo follow-up. The retinal reattachment occurred in 1 case(recurrent retinal detachment)after the secondary surgery and in 4 cases(recurrent retinal detachment)after vitrectomy. The eyesight was improved with different degrees in 55 cases.CONCLUSION: The external-route microsurgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is simple, safe and effective.

AIM: To analyze, summarize and describe ophthalmic imaging features of posterior scleritis. METHODS: Clinical data of 16 patients(21 eyes)with posterior scleritis diagnosed in our hospital from October 2008 to June 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. The results of type-B ultrasonic, fundus chromophotograph, fundus fluorescein angiography, CT were recorded for comprehensive evaluation and analysis of ophthalmic imaging features of posterior scleritis. RESULTS: All patients underwent type-B ultrasonic examination and manifested as diffuse and nodular types. The diffuse type showed diffusely thickened sclera and a dark hypoechoic area that connected with the optic nerve to form a typical “T”-shaped sign. The nodular type showed scleral echogenic nodules and relatively regular internal structure. FFA showed that relatively weak mottled fluorescences were visible in the arterial early phase and strong multiple needle-like fluorescences were visible in the arteriovenous phase, which were then progressively larger and fused; fluorescein was leaked to the subretinal tissue in the late phase; varying degrees of strong fluorescences with less clear or unclear boundaries were visible in the optic disk. CT results showed thickened eyeball wall. CONCLUSION: Posterior scleritis is common in young female patients, whose ophthalmic imaging features are varied and more specific in type-B ultrasonic. Selection of rational ophthalmic imaging examination method, combined with clinical manifestations, can accurately diagnose posterior scleritis and avoid the incidence of missed and delayed diagnosis.

AIM: To observe the influence on the incidence of diffuse lamellar keratitis(DLK)after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)whether or not wearing sterile gloves with talc during operation, and to confirm the role of residual talc in the occurrence of DLK.METHODS: Totally 563 patients(1 126 eyes)accepted operation with the method of surgical hand antisepsis only were set as the experimental group, while 592 patients(1 184 eyes)with the method of surgical hand antisepsis and sterile gloves as the control group. Each patient was rechecked to observe the occurrence of DLK on the first day and the seventh day after the operation. Then the data of DLK were statistically analyzed by χ2 test and rank sum test.RESULTS:On the first postoperative day, the incidence of DLK was 7.4%(83 eyes)in experimental group and 12.2%(144 eyes)in control group. In the former group, stage Ⅰ of DLK accounted for 4.6%(52 eyes)and stage Ⅱ for 2.8%(31 eyes); while in the latter, stage I did for 7.7%(91 eyes)and stage Ⅱ for 4.5%(53 eyes). On the seventh day, all DLK were cured. The other 2 cases(3 eyes)occurred in stage Ⅳ DLK(the first time recheck was on the eighth day after operation and fluorometholone ophthalmic solution was not used on time). The incidence and the severity were both significant lower in the experimental group than in the control(both P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Talc is one of the most important factors resulting in DLK after LASIK. The method of surgical hand antisepsis without wearing gloves could avoid the stimulation of talc and reduce the incidence of DLK obviously.

AIM:To explore the clinical effects of using rigid gas permeable contact lens(RGP)for refractoriness amblyopia patients. METHODS: Ninety-eight cases(98 eyes)were voluntarily divided into RGP group and frame glasses group, and the two groups were received the regularity combined training to treat amblyopia for 6mo. We overviewed the corrected vision(on that day, 1, 3, 6mo)and the complication in RGP group. RESULTS: The corrected vision in RGP group was obviously better than that in control group during the same time. The therapeutic efficacy in RGP group was better than that in frame glasses group, without serious complications at 6mo after treatment.CONCLUSION: RGP groups could get better corrected visual acuity. It is safe and effective to improve corrected vision for refractoriness amblyopia patients.

AIM: To investigate the clinical efficacy of treatment of dacryocystitis combined with canalicular obstruction by endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with canalicular intubation. METHODS:A total of 27 cases of dacryocystitis combined with canalicular obstruction were treated by endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with canalicular intubation. Canalicular obstruction was treated by laser under dacryoendoscopy and antegrade intubation. RESULTS: For 27 cases, operations were successful, with no complications. All patients were followed up for 6mo, 25 were cured, 2 were effective with no failed. The cure rate was 93%. CONCLUSION:Treatment of dacryocystitis combined with canalicular obstruction by endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with canalicular intubation has clear field, minimal invasion, quick recovery, exact effect and less recurrence, so it is worthy of promotion.

AIM: To observe the treatment efficacy of eyelid herpeszoster with external use ganciclovir ophthalmic gel. METHODS:A total of 77 patients were randomly divided into treatment group and control group. In the treatment group, ganciclovir ophthalmic gel was topical coated on the basis of antiviral drugs, while the control group was coated with conventional acyclovir ointment and antiviral treatment. RESULTS: The cure rate was 95% in the treatment group, and the control group was 83% after 10d treatment. The difference was significant. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of ganciclovir ophthalmic gel treated eyelid herpes zoster is obvious.

AIM: To improve the diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with noses and eyes.METHODS: To retrospectively analyze 39 nasosinusitis patients with the symptoms of eyes as the primary presentation during 2006.3-2013.6.RESULTS: Among the 39 cases, 37 recovered, 2 cases with malignant tumor, which were confirmed by orbital CT scan, sinus CT scan and endoscopic examination.CONCLUSION: Some nasal disease without nasal symptoms in the early stage, so patients consult doctors for symptoms of eyes. If oculists know little about these diseases,it may lead to a high misdiagnosis rate with those patients. Oculists should realize it and get more knowledge to afford the patients timely diagnosis and proper treatments. Please for otorhinolaryngologists' consultation if the patients receiving ineffective treatment in Department of Ophthalmology.

AIM: To explore the visual evoked potential in infantile orbital cellulitis' clinical applications by monitoring the visual evoked potential changes in infantile orbital cellulitis before, during and after treatment.METHODS: Twenty-three cases of CT diagnosed single orbital cellulitis were examined by the visual evoked potentials. The affected eyes as observation group, and healthy eyes as control group. Comparative observation of visual evoked potential changes in amplitude and incubation period before, during and after the treatment. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the observation group's visual evoked potential changes included reduced amplitude, extended incubation period. With the treatment progress, the observation group had gradual increase in amplitude, gradual reduction in incubation period. CONCLUSION: In infantile orbital cellulitis, the use of visual evoked potentials is a simple, feasible and effective method to monitoring the visual function during the treatment.

AIM:To investigate the prevalence of pterygium of the household population aged 40 and above in Hengli Town of Dongguan.METHODS: Using the method of cluster random sampling, select 3 628 people aged 40 and above in four villages and one community for visual examination, intraocular pressure check, slit lamp examination and questionnaire.RESULTS: The actual number of subjects was 3 393 people, and examination rate was 93.52%. We detected 843 patients with pterygium. The prevalence of pterygium was 24.85%.CONCLUSION: There is high prevalence of pterygium in Dongguan area. The prevalence of pterygium is related with age and working environment, but has no relation with gender.

AIM: To observe the therapeutic effects of improved external dacryocystorhinostomy.METHODS:Retrospective analysis on 94 patients with monocular chronic dacryocystitis in our hospital from October 2010 to December 2013 were taken the improved external dacryocystorhinostomy. The improved surgery which was based on the traditional surgery including: 1. Nasal packing after anesthesia to relieve the pain and bleeding; 2. Not cut the medial palpebral ligament; 3. Suture the upper membrane of the nasal mucosa only; 4. Pipe placement; 5. Skin layered hairdressing suture. The patients were follow-up 3mo-2a after operation.RESULTS: Ninety-three cases of patients cured with completely asymptomatic, no epiphora or mucopurulent secretion flow out from the lacrimal punctum, unobstructed lacrimal irrigation, the efficiency is 99%, 1 case of patient was epiphora, obstructed lacrimal irrigation, 1% was invalid.CONCLUSION: The improved external dacryocystorhinostomy is an effective surgical method which is easy to operate with high cure rate and its long term effect is precise.

AIM: To observe the efficacy of using botulinum toxin A in the treatment of blepharospasm.METHODS:Totally 113 patients with blepharospasm were managed with a local injection of botulinum toxin A, and the therapeutic effect was evaluated.RESULTS:Fifty-nine cases(52.2%)had a complete remission of symptoms, 49 patients(43.4%)presented with obvious relieved spasm, 4 cases(3.5%)were partially relieved and the 1 patient(0.9%)remained unchanged. The total effective rate was 99.1%. The time of beginning effect was 1-14d. The recover time was mostly in 14d. The average of therapeutic effect lasted 1-9mo. Adverse reactions such as mild palpebra dysraphism, palpebra ptosis and local subcutaneous blood stasis were found in 23 patients, and the symptoms disappeared in 2-4wk.CONCLUSION:Botulinum toxin A can effectively control medium and severe blepharospasm by injecting a little dose on local muscle.

AIM:To analyze and explore the clinical efficacy of strengthening lateral tarsal strip and advancing lower eyelid retractor for the treatment of degenerative entropion with eyelid relaxationMETHODS: Reviewed from January 2011 to January 2013, 21 cases(33 eyes)of degenerative entropion eyelid relaxation were treated with operation of strengthening lateral tarsal strip and advancing lower eyelid retractor(fornix conjunctival incision), the follow-up was 12-24mo, curative effect was observed.RESULTS: All the patients were cured completely, have no recurrence or overcorrection phenomenon. The cure rate of operation was 100%, there was no complication.CONCLUSION: Operation of strengthening lateral tarsal strip and advancing lower eyelid retractor is a safe, reliable, efficient operation to the treatment of degenerative entropion with mode of eyelid relaxation.

AIM: To observe the clinical effect of modified tightening operation of orbicularis combined with lower eyelid retractor muscle aponeurosis suture in the treatment of senile entropion, and to improve reference for clinical treatment planning. METHODS:A retrospective analysis from August 2009 to August 2012, 218 cases of patients with lower eyelid entropion were treated in our hospital, according to the different operation methods for the observation group 128 cases and control group with 90 cases. The observation group was treated with modified tightening operation of orbicularis combined with lower eyelid retractor muscle aponeurosis suture, control group with suture plus margin incision for treatment. Follow-up of two groups were 1a, the clinical curative effect at 1mo and 1a postoperatively was observed. RESULTS: The observation group healed in 124 cases at 1mo after operation, the cure rate was 96.9%, the control group cured 84 cases, the cure rate was 93.3%. The differences of cure rate in two groups were not statistically significant(P>0.05); the observation group healed in 111 cases at 1a after operation, the cure rate was 86.7%, the control group cured 58 cases, the cure rate was 64.4%, the recovery rate of observation group was significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION:The modified senile entropion operation has good curative effect, and the operation is simple, the recurrence rate is low, it is worth popularizing.

AIM: To analyze the correlation between tear film changes of allergic conjunctivitis and dry eye, then provide clinical references for better treatment. METHODS: Fifty patients with allergic conjunctivitis were taken as the observation group, the control group was selected based on 1:1 case control theory, and we chose 50 health volunteers without ocular surface diseases, xerophthalmia and systematic diseases randomly, then fluorescein(FL)staining, break-up time(BUT), Schirner I test(SⅠt), tear meniscus high(TMH)and slit-lamp examinations were performed in the two groups. RESULTS: In the observation group, FL, BUT, SIt, TMH of right eyes and left eyes were statistically significant correlated(P<0.05). FL and BUT were statistically significant between control group and observation group(P<0.05). TMH and SIt has positive correlation, while FL and BUT has negative correlation and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Due to inflammatory mediators participation, allergic conjunctivitis could lead to the stability changes of tear film which cause in dry eye. The stability changes of allergic conjunctivitis correlate to the damage degree of epithelium.

The progressive injury of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)is a common occurrence in several eye diseases, which ultimately may lead to irreversible blindness. Currently, there are still no effective or ideal treatments for it in practice, however some recent studies show that stem cell transplantation may provide a promising new idea for neuroprotection and replacement of retinal ganglion cells. This paper will review the research progress of stem cell transplantation-based treatment.

Retinal vein occlusion( RVO)is a common vascular disease of the retina and is one of the main reasons for blindness. In recent years,there have been some new understanding about the diagnosis and treatment of the disease,especially some new researches about treatment,for example,in the therapy of the intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide and anti-VEGFs as well as dexamethasone implant(Ozurdex).This article will make a brief summarization of the progress about the diagnosis and treatment of RVO.

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness and security of lift and squeeze technique in phacoemulsification of hypermature cataract.METHODS: From June 2010 to June 2013, totally 156 eyes with hypermature cataract, which received phacoemulsification in our hospital, were enrolled. Lift and squeeze technique was used to chop the nucleus, and 1g/L Trypan blue was used for capsulorhexis. Average time of phaco complication, corneal edema and visual outcome were recorded.RESULTS: The best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA )was 0.1-0.4 in 15 eyes(9.6%), 0.5-0.7 in 82(52.6%)eyes, and 0.8-1.0 in 59(37.8%)eyes at 3mo after surgery. The phaco time was 25-56s(average 42±10s), the maximum phaco power was 30%. Posterior capsular rupture and vitreous loss happened in 2 eyes(1.3%), and the IOLs were implanted in the sulcus. Corneal edema classified at grade Ⅰ were seen in 12 eyes(7.7%), and 5 eyes(3.2%)at gradeⅡ, no eye at grade Ⅲ and grade Ⅳ. The mean endothelial cell loss was 8.7% at 3mo.CONCLUSION: Crystalline lens capsule staining with Trypan blue increase the success rate of intact continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis(CCC). The lift and squeeze technique reduces the stress on the zonules and capsule, and decreases the phaco time and phaco power.

AIM: To discuss the efficacy of modified dacrocystorhinostomy with intubation in the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis combined with lacrimal duct narrow or obstruction. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 56 patients who underwent modified dacrocystorhinostomy with intubation in our hospital from July 2010 to September 2011.RESULTS: All patients underwent the extubation of lacrimal and catheters irrigation, the patency rate was 95% at 2a after operation.CONCLUSION: Modified dacryocystorhinostomy combined with intubation is a effective method for chronic dacwocystitis combined with lacrimal duct obstruction, which has simple operative procedure, high success rate.

AIM: To compare the anterior segment measurements derived from optical low coherence reflectometer(Lenstar LS900)and combined Scheimpflug-Placido disk topographer(Sirius). METHODS: In this study, we enrolled healthy myopic subjects 54(87 eyes). The central corneal thickness(CCT), anterior chamber depth(ACD), flat keratometry(FK)readings, steep keratometry(SK)readings and white to white(WTW)were measured by LS900 and Sirius. Evaluation and analysis were performed using paired t tests, the Pearson correlation, and Bland-Altman analyses. RESULTS:The CCT and ACD measurements were significantly lower whereas FK, SK and WTW measurements were higher with LS900(P<0.001). Mean differences were -6.11±6.32μm,-0.09±0.07mm, 0.18±0.25D, 0.21±0.36D and 0.25±0.39mm with statistical significant(P<0.01). Pearson correlation analysis showed high correlation between the 2 devices for all measurements(P<0.001). On Bland-Altman analysis, 95% limits of agreement for all measurements were 6.26 to -18.49μm; 0.04 to 0.22mm; 0.68 to 0.32D; 0.92 to 0.50D and 1.00 to 0.5mm. CONCLUSION: Anterior segment parameters evaluated with LS900 and Sirius systemare correlated well and achieve good agreement. However, there are significantly statistical differences which may be caused by the different measurement modes, so they may not be interchangeable use under certain clinical circumstances.

AIM: To analyze personality traits in preoperative patients who undergolaser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)and to provide psychological basis for the selection of refractive surgery.METHODS: Eligible patientswere seeking customized LASIK(group A n=53), conventional LASIK(group B n=75)and non-operation patients with ametropia(group C n=71), who completed 16 personality factor questionnaires(16PF). Statistical analyses were performed with one-way ANOVA by SPSS11.0 software package.RESULTS: Compared to group C, patients in group A scored high on dominance and tension levels, and low on emotional stability level(P<0.05), while patients in group B were more venturesome and more experimenting, but were less vigilant(P<0.05). Additionally, there were statistical differences between group A and group B on dominance, gallantry and vigilance respectively(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The data indicates that personality profiles of LASIK patients with refractive error influence their decision for correction. Patients need suitable psychological assessment before surgery who actively chose customized LASIK seem to be more assertive and suspicious.

AIM: To analyze of characteristic of intraocular pressure(IOP)distribution in population of 1115 Tibetan aged 40 years old or more and its correlative factors such as ages, gender and anterior chamber depth in Tibetan plateau area. METHODS: A total of 1115 Tibetan permanent residents aged 40 years or older from the towns and villages of Qushui County were divided into four age groups: ≥40～<50 years, ≥50～<60 years, ≥60～<70 years, and≥70 years. All participants were carried out clinical ocular examinations including visual acuity, IOP, anterior chamber depth, ocular anterior segment and posterior segment examination. The relativity was analyzed during IOP, ages, gender and anterior chamber depth by SPSS 19.0. RESULTS: The mean IOP of 1115(2145 eyes)Tibetan permanent residents aged 40 years or older was 12.9±2.7mmHg, 13.2±2.8mmHg in men and 12.7±2.5mmHg in women. The results showed that the participants with anterior chamber depth of 1/2 corneal thickness had 68.8% in 1115(2128 eyes)Tibetan permanent residents and anterior chamber depth decreases significantly with age(P<0.01), which anterior chamber depth(of 1/3 corneal thickness)was 19.3% aged ≥40～<50 subjects to 39.2% aged ≥70 subjects. Anterior chamber depth(1/3 corneal thickness)in women was significantly shallow than that in men(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The mean IOP of plateau subjects was significantly lower from that of plain subjects by approximately 3 mmHg. There are lower pressure, deeper anterior chamber depth in this population of 1115 Tibetan permanent residents. The more attention should be paid to screening for glaucoma in high plateau.

AIM:To observe the efficacy of the multiple wave length laser in treating diabetic retinopathy combined with central retinal vein occlusion. METHODS:Totally 95 cases(100 eyes)with diabetic retinopathy combined with central retinal vein occlusion were treated by multiple wave length laser. Krypton yellow laser was used for macular edema in focal photocoagulation and diffuse photocoagulation. For peripheral retina, krypton green or krypton red laser were used. Visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy and fundus fluorescein angiography were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. The patients were followed up for 12 to 48wk. In this study, change in visual acuity and macular edema were observed in both groups, and statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS:The effective rate was 61.2% in diffuse macular edema group and 86.3% in focal macular edema group. The general effective rate of later was higher than the former, while the treatment effect had significant statistical difference(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Multiple wave length laser is an effective and safe way to treat diabetic macular edema of diabetic retinopathy combined with central retinal vein occlusion,which is worth widely applying in clinical practice.